These extracellular messengers are most often detected by receptors that are present on the surface of the responding cell. The GNAS locus (guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), alpha stimulating activity polypeptide 1), which maps on human chromosome 20q13, consists of a complex region with multiple alternative spliced transcripts encoding multiple protein products. It is possible that the stimulatory/inhibitory polypeptides and steroid hormones released by hypothalamus and peripheral endocrine organs could alter pituitary gene expression and hormone secretion [2]. Signal transduction is the process in which binding of an extracellular messenger to the cell surface receptor is translated into changes in biochemistry, cell biology, and gene transcription that make it possible for the cell to respond to the information that was received. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123708796003513, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123741455000012, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128008836000197, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840014248, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124158306000068, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008045044X000833, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338202938, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128095188000027, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128096338202884, Handbook of Cell Signaling (Second Edition), Quantitative Human Physiology (Second Edition), Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), Cristiana Pistol Tanase, ... Corin Badiu, in, Molecular Pathology of Pituitary Adenomas, protein kinase, protein kinase A (PKA). Approximately 60% of these gsp− tumors express high levels of Gsα compared to normal human pituitary cells. It involves numerous biological functions in cell, and its disruption may lead to various diseases, phenotypes and drug treatment outcomes.
Confirming these observations, WISP2 was recently validated and characterized as novel adipokine (Hammarstedt et al., 2013). Whereas cell-signaling cascades demonstrate a high level of specificity, it becomes clear that many pathways are redundant and that inhibition of one specific pathway most often leads to the activation of parallel signaling pathways inducing activation of common targets involved in the development of diseases. The postsynaptic cell transduces this chemical signal back to an electrical signal. As we will see later in Chapter 3.2, this action potential can move along cell membranes to rapidly convey the signal, the action potential, to remote parts of the sensory neuron.
Phospholipase D releases phosphatidic acid, and phospholipase A2 provides arachidonic acid, which is converted into prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, and various P450 products; these ligands in turn bind to unique families of receptors, as does platelet activating factor (PAF). cAMP, in turn, activates the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase A (PKA). In most human tissues, Gsα is biallelically expressed but, in specific tissues, Gsα is imprinted [10,11]. The overexpression of WtGsα enhances intracellular cAMP accumulation and stimulates the cAMP pathway (P-CREB level). In its broadest context, cell signaling involves the transduction of some event into another event. Key is the role of phospholipase C in hydrolyzing phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2) to release diglyceride that activates protein kinase C (PKC) and inositol triphosphate (IP3), which mobilizes intracellular Ca2+, central to so many regulatory processes (see Section IIC).
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