… Several writers have endorsed the principle that a recipient of testimony can come to know what is testified to only if the testifier knows whereof she speaks. Lackey has defended her intuitions in the biology teacher case by suggesting that, even though T does not know or believe that p, it is still perfectly proper for her to assert that p, disputing the account of knowledge as the norm of assertion contained in Williamson 2000. the basis of reasoning? fall into two categories: The other class of judgments, judgments of matters of fact, are
That fact suggests that S has a defeater for his belief based on T’s testimony now; it implicitly relies on the false premise that T is using words and perceiving colors normally. However, research into this area has found that eyewitness testimony can be affected by many psychological factors: Anxiety / Stress and ideas) as the "effect" alleged to be caused by something regarded as
S’s entitlement to believe T is defeasible, if other contrary information about p, or about T, is available to S. A conservative could argue, in line with the well-known approach of BonJour, that including such a requirement, but not a requirement of positive reasons to believe in T’s reliability, would be inconsistent, or an “untenable half-way house.” BonJour 1980 and 2003 consider an S informed by a reliable clairvoyant faculty that p, but who also has either (a) strong evidence that ~p, or (b) strong evidence that his clairvoyant power is unreliable, or (c) no evidence to believe that the faculty is reliable. Even when sense perception is present our pleasure comes from some kind of uniformity, order, arrangement, or imitation and not from simple ideas of color or sound. knowledge
None of these formulations captures contemporary debates perfectly well. The police interviewed witnesses, and thirteen of them were re-interviewed five months later. Because there is considerable controversy about what is required, as a conceptual matter, for testimonially-based knowledge or justification or rationality, it seems wisest to get as clear a view of the nature of testimonial justification and testimonial knowledge, as such, before proceeding to more obviously practical considerations related to an evaluation of particular actual testimonially-based beliefs. That formula omits the most basic respect in which you address people, converse with people—inviting them to believe you, not merely what you say.”. It is highly doubtful that this kind of testimonial origin would be an adequate basis of knowledge.” Schoolchildren who discovered that their teacher did not actually believe her own lesson would presumably be startled and unsettled. This occurs by means of some action or impression made on certain parts of the body, called the sense organs, which communicate this impression to the brain. A kindred point that liberals make in favor of the insufficient-inductive-base argument is to point out Hume’s mistaken explanation for why our testimonialy-based beliefs are supported inductively. Eyewitness testimony is a legal term. of ideas because one cannot consistently think of something which is a
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