A pair of arginine and asparagine residues on C2 stabilizes the transition state. In addition, transgenic models have revealed roles for specific AC isoforms in diverse areas such as learning and memory, olfaction, cardiac function, and aging. AC V is involved in the mediation of morphine analgesia.16 High densities of AC V are expressed in the striatum along with MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors.17 It was further established that AC V mediates the effects of MOP and DOP but not KOP agonists.16 In wild-type mice, the administration of MOP agonist, DAMGO (D-Ala2, NME-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin) or DOP agonist, DPDPE ([D-Pen2,5]Enkephalin), both reduced forskolin-stimulated AC activity in striatal tissues.
AC-III occurs widely in eukaryotes and has important roles in many human tissues.[4]. Structure of dog adenylyl cyclase 5 (grey), rat adenylyl cyclase 2 (green), bovine guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit α (pink) complex with ADP derivative (stick model), GDP derivative (stick model), methylpiperazinoforskolin, Ca+2, Mg+2 and Cl- ions (PDB code 3maa). Adenylyl cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1, also commonly known as adenyl cyclase and adenylate cyclase, abbreviated AC) is an enzyme with key regulatory roles in essentially all cells. AC-Hly can intoxicate epithelial cells by targeting their basolateral membrane [75]. Amino acid sequencing has shown that the sequence between the Rv1264 adenylyl cyclases catalytic domain and mammalian adenylyl cyclases catalytic domain are not well conserved, with only about a 25% correspondence to the mammalian type II adenylyl cyclase discussed above[9][17].
Its role in associative forms of learning may be related to its ability to link cAMP-based and Ca2+-based signals. Similarly, Collier and Francis hypothesized that elevated cAMP level following chronic morphine exposure is related to opioid dependence.23 The superactivation of AC was observed in a recombinant CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line expressing DOP.24 Treatment with a DOP agonist reduced DOP density, and moreover, inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation. Adenylyl cyclase activity was determined in the presence of various combinations of 5 × 10−5 M (-)-isoproterenol [(-)-iso], 10−5 M guanylylimidodiphosphate GMP-P(NH)P (Gpp(NH)p), 10−5 M guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and 5 × 10−5 M (±)-propranolol (dl-prop). It is known that the N-terminal half is the catalytic portion, and that it requires two Mg2+ ions. Trímero de adenilato ciclasa (sensible a la calmodulina), Bacillus anthracis, adenosina en monofosfato de adenosina cíclico, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, Wikimedia Commons tiene medios relacionados con la, Las isoformas I, III y VIII también son estimuladas por, Las isoformas V y VI son inhibidas por Ca.
In solution, the C1a and C2a domains can form heterodimers with each other, either in the same or different enzymes, or they can form homodimers with their identical units on different enzymes[3]. PAC1 has an affinity for only PACAP-38 and -27, whereas the VPAC receptors show similar affinities for PACAP and VIP.230,231 The PAC1 receptor is found on gastric ECL cells and the VPAC1 is found on gastric SRIF-producing D cells and chief cells.232 PACAP has been shown to stimulate ECL cell proliferation.233 Centrally administered PACAP also stimulates gastric acid and pepsin secretion in rats.234 Gut smooth muscle also contains VPAC1 and PAC1 receptors.
The two cytoplasmic regions bind ATP and form the catalytic core of the protein. Most class III adenylyl cyclases are transmembrane proteins with 12 transmembrane segments. © 2012 Farlex, Inc.
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