The NKG2A intracellular segment contains an ITIM, which transduces inhibitory signals [7].
Long, “Minimal requirement for induction of natural cytotoxicity and intersection of activation signals by inhibitory receptors,”, G. Palmieri, V. Tullio, A. Zingoni et al., “CD94/NKG2-A inhibitory complex blocks CD16-triggered Syk and extracellular regulated kinase activation, leading to cytotoxic function of human NK cells,”, T. Gonen-Gross, H. Achdout, R. Gazit et al., “Complexes of HLA-G protein on the cell surface are important for leukocyte Ig-like receptor-1 function,”, D. C. Jones, V. Kosmoliaptsis, R. Apps et al., “HLA class I allelic sequence and conformation regulate leukocyte Ig-like receptor binding,”, M. Ryu, Y. Chen, J. Qi et al., “LILRA3 binds both classical and non-classical HLA class I molecules but with reduced affinities compared to LILRB1/LILRB2: structural evidence,”, L. Martinet and M. J. Smyth, “Balancing natural killer cell activation through paired receptors,”, Y.
DNAM-1 is a costimulatory receptor that plays an important role in antitumor and antivirus immunity. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The membrane receptor TM4SF5 influences the migration of hepatic cells and hepatoma. In contrast, the binding of NKG2D to NKG2DL on the tumor cells can promote the killing effect of NK cells on tumor cells.
It also plays a synergic effect with activating receptors to assist in the NK cell activation.
The Ig-SF includes killer cell immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs) [3, 4], leucocyte immunoglobulin-like receptors (LILRs/LIRs) [5], and natural cytotoxic receptors (NCRs) [6].
2 + signals, protein and lipid kinases, adapter proteins and cytoskeletal rearrangement.
This review mainly summarizes the research progress on NK cell surface receptors and their signal pathways. However, during tumor formation, malignant cells highly express PVR, which can bind to DNAM-1 and CD96 activating the antitumor effects of NK cells [39, 111, 112]. The 2B4-SAP complex can trigger NK cell activation.
In some receptors, such as members of the 7TM superfamily, the transmembrane domain includes a ligand binding pocket. There are two principal signal transduction pathways involving the G-protein coupled receptors: the cAMP signaling pathway and the phosphatidylinositol signaling pathway.
Here we provide an overview of the receptors involved in neutrophil activation and B. Bakker et al., “An activating immunoreceptor complex formed by NKG2D and DAP10,”, J. L. Upshaw, L. N. Arneson, R. A. Schoon, C. J. Dick, D. D. Billadeau, and P. J. Leibson, “NKG2D-mediated signaling requires a DAP10-bound Grb2-Vav1 intermediate and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase in human natural killer cells,”, E. Giurisato, M. Cella, T. Takai et al., “Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation is required to form the NKG2D immunological synapse,”, C. M. Segovis, R. A. Schoon, C. J. Dick, L. P. Nacusi, P. J. Leibson, and D. D. Billadeau, “PI3K links NKG2D signaling to a CrkL pathway involved in natural killer cell adhesion, polarity, and granule secretion,”, G. Chitadze, J. Bhat, M. Lettau, O. Janssen, and D. Kabelitz, “Generation of soluble NKG2D ligands: proteolytic cleavage, exosome secretion and functional implications,”, S. Duan, W. Guo, Z. Xu et al., “Natural killer group 2D receptor and its ligands in cancer immune escape,”, L. Martinet, C. Jean, G. Dietrich, J. J. Fournié, and R. Poupot, “PGE2 inhibits natural killer and gamma delta T cell cytotoxicity triggered by NKR and TCR through a cAMP-mediated PKA type I-dependent signaling,”, N. Hanaoka, B. Jabri, Z. Dai et al., “NKG2D initiates caspase-mediated CD3, P. Roda-Navarro and H. T. Reyburn, “The traffic of the NKG2D/Dap10 receptor complex during natural killer (NK) cell activation,”, B. Zafirova, S. Mandarić, R. Antulov et al., “Altered NK cell development and enhanced NK cell-mediated resistance to mouse cytomegalovirus in NKG2D-deficient mice,”, F. M. Wensveen, V. Jelencic, and B. Polic, “NKG2D: a master regulator of immune cell responsiveness,”, V. Jelenčić, M. Šestan, I. Kavazović et al., “NK cell receptor NKG2D sets activation threshold for the NCR1 receptor early in NK cell development,”, M. Claus, “Regulation of NK cell activity by 2B4, NTB-A and CRACC,”, M. H. Brown, K. Boles, P. A. van der Merwe, V. Kumar, P. A. Mathew, and A. N. Barclay, “2B4, the natural killer and T cell immunoglobulin superfamily surface protein, is a ligand for CD48,”, H. Pahima, P. G. Puzzovio, and F. Levi-Schaffer, “2B4 and CD48: a powerful couple of the immune system,”, L. Agresta, K. H. N. Hoebe, and E. M. Janssen, “The emerging role of CD244 signaling in immune cells of the tumor microenvironment,”, A. Veillette, “Immune regulation by SLAM family receptors and SAP-related adaptors,”, B. Chan, A. Lanyi, H. K. Song et al., “SAP couples Fyn to SLAM immune receptors,”, S. Latour, R. Roncagalli, R. Chen et al., “Binding of SAP SH2 domain to FynT SH3 domain reveals a novel mechanism of receptor signalling in immune regulation,”, Z. Dong, D. Davidson, L. . Further phosphorylation of the ITAM recruits Syk and ZAP-70. There are various kinds, including glycoproteins and lipoproteins. Klotho is an enzyme which effects a receptor to recognize the ligand (FGF23).
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