Refolding the wings involves the reversal of these mechanisms, assisted by movements of the abdomen. Their size and color and their diurnal and often conspicuous behavior make them a popular group for entomologists. Traditonally, odonatologists recognized three groups of taxa, Zygoptera (damselflies), Anisozygoptera, and Anisoptera (dragonflies), generally ranked as suborders, but the extant Anisozygoptera now are included with Anisoptera in the suborder Epiprocta (with living Epiophlebiidae sister to rest of Anisoptera). The mouthparts of immatures of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) are prognathous and show the typical biting–chewing style of insects. Like most of the flying insects (flies, beetles, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), they evolved in the early Mesozoic era. The paradigm for this kind of displacement mechanism occurs in calopterygid damselflies where the copulating male removes all stored rival sperm from the female before insemination (Waage 1979b) thereby completely avoiding sperm competition (see Fig. Crocothemis erythraea, which colonizes various types of habitats, is the most common African odonate, and it is currently expanding its range northward through Europe. Prey such as small flying insects may be captured directly with the mouthparts, but the legs are also used for subduing certain types of prey. The 1800 or so known species are distributed mostly in the tropics and make up 8 families or 1 family, Mantidae, with 34 subfamilies (Brues et al., 1954; Key, 1970b). Pantepui has a high percentage of endemic Odonata, often confined to a single mountain. The recent consensus, based on morphological and molecular data, has both Zygoptera and Epiprocta monophyletic, and Anisoptera as the monophyletic sister group to some extinct anisozygopterans with Epiophlebiidae (formerly recognized as the only living anisozygopterans) sister to Anisoptera+extinct anisozygopterans. Besides endemics, species with larger distributional areas occur in Pantepui as well. However, sperm repositioning only avoids short-term spatial overlap between ejaculates. (2) those with gills on the walls of the rectum- Anisoptera. The naiads breathe with. whole slow-moving creatures, lurking well camouflaged among waterweeds while
However, alternative theories have also been proposed, including the Metapterygota and Chiastomyaria hypotheses. General Summary of Odonata Odonata-- are predacious insects with biting mouthparts.
Dermaptera, by contrast, use their abdomens to unfold the hind wings by means of a complex array of similar mechanisms, and refolding is largely elastic. The adults can land, but rarely walk. It is also important to bear in mind that female sperm-storage organ morphology will play an important part in determining the type of sperm competition avoidance mechanisms that evolves. Deciphering the relationships among extant Ephemeroptera still attracts attention, and the higher classification is also now a matter of debate. 10.3a). Three other suborders were then redefined as Furcatergalia (including Pannota, Ephemeroidea and Leptophlebiidae), Setisura (Heptagenioidea) and Pisciforma (including Baetoidea and Siphlonuroidea). while it is chewed. Fig. Odonata have very large eyes with many ommatidia, a specialization for detection of movement.
The hind wings of Dermaptera, Coleoptera, and the cockroach Diploptera, however, fold up transversely as well as longitudinally, in some cases with extraordinary complexity. Their primary prey items, as both larvae and adults, include mosquitoes (Culicidae), black flies (Simuliidae), and horse and deer flies (Tabanidae). They have two ocelli (eye spots) and short antennae. K.S. [2] Their prototypes, the giant dragonflies of the Carboniferous, 325 mya, are no longer put in the Odonata. which had a wing expanse of two feet. the latter case water is pumped in and out through the anus, and this action
Litaneutria minor (Scudder) is a ground dweller but deposits its egg cases on low shrubs (Cannings, 1987). Hydraulic mechanisms have sometimes been postulated, but recent work suggests that these are unnecessary. The shape of short to long labium ranges from spoon-or cup-shaped to relatively flat. When mated fertile females are remated using tudor males (a genetic strain in which the male produces the normal accessory fluids but fail to produce sperm) the number of progeny produced is greatly reduced, implying that the seminal fluid of tudor males may be responsible for loss of sperm from the female’s sperm stores (Scott and Richmond 1990; Scott and Williams 1993: Harshman and Prout 1994; Gilchrist and Partridge 1995). -- Specimens date back to over 250 million years.
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