Most of these requests were turned down, but in not a few cases applicantsâ claims were found just and nationalization orders were canceled. The lists begin in July 1941; presumably, the number of bakeries was reduced as time passed. In November 1941, an inventory of buildings under Jewish private or community ownership was drawn up.
3. The requests were honored, although not always fully.52. Jewish national education was banned, and the schools resounded with anti-religious propaganda.15. Diagnoses and the dates of surgical procedures and treatments63 allow us to make a statistical examination of the number of patients, the types of diseases, the mortality rate among various age groups, and the pace of mortality. The August 1941 Aktion took place about a month after the Germans arrived. The commander reserved the right to make changes and ordered the Judenrat to commence its work at once.28, The principal of the Tarbut High School, David Alper, was elected to chair the Judenrat. Migration catalogues (arrivals and departures) in Pinsk and the vicinity, 1939–1941, YVA, M-41/2292-2661.
Since the Jews had been an underprivileged group during the Polish era, in a way the Communist regime set matters aright and gave Jews jobs and occupational opportunities that had been denied to them previously, foremost in the government bureaucracy. Under Commodore Witold Zajączkowski, it was active in the invasion of Poland and fought against both German and Soviet forces. Most of the orders stipulated this sum, but there are also orders in the sums of 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400, and 500 rubles, evidently commensurate with the individual Jew’s affluence. Yad Vashem is closed on Saturdays and all Jewish Holidays. The army defended in the Ukraine west of Kiev until late June 1944, fighting in the southern regions of the Pinsk Marshes, and around Lutsk, Shepetovka, Tarnopol, and Kovel. The cards allow us to examine whether, and to what extent, Jews collaborated with the Soviet authorities and replaced local officials.
In addition, there are lists of workers in various jobs.45 The municipal administration demanded workers for various tasks and issued labor-mobilization orders (FebruaryâOctober 1942), noting the addresses and workplaces to which the inducted individuals were to report.46 However, the Judenrat chairman also made specific efforts to request various labor permits for the purpose, inter alia, of making their holders eligible for food and ration cards.47. The Jews in Pinsk had no knowledge whatsoever of events in Poland. Only one of them managed to escape after having lain wounded under the pile of corpses; he related what had occurred.26, In the first days of the occupation, the Germans made use of the Polish police, who helped the occupiers in looting, abusing civilians, and denunciations. A strong Russian presence can be felt throughout the region and Kulik, the headmaster of Hlaby School, observes the goings-on between the locals and the Russian authorities.
After all, Himmler had ordered the aforementioned cavalry units to murder all Jews in Pinsk by gunfire or by eviction to the marshes. Neither is there any indication of youth-movement or political-party activity.69, The ghetto existed for seven months. It arranged the opening of bakeries and supplies of flour. Many Jewish doctors worked in âAryanâ clinics.66Â A simple document permitting the use of electricity (electricity in the ghetto had been turned off) informs us of the medical institutions that operated in the ghetto for the Jews and explains how long they did so.67Â Accordingly, we find that the ghetto had a hospital, a pharmacy, and a general clinic. Program for the provision of meat for the Jewish population, prepared by the Judenrat, October 14, 1941, YVA, M-41/879.
Directive to assure nutrition for Jews in the Pinsk District, issued by the Gebietskommissar, November 17, 1941, YVA, M-41/880. For example, see YVA, M-41/993; labor permits issued by the. The municipal Order Department generally approved the transfer of these items but limited it to one day.58Â In several cases, Jews who wished to move belongings had to provide confirmation from witnesses as to their ownership.59.
For example, it not only âdonatedâ household items to the municipal administration but also sold various items, and the bills from these sales are included in the documentation.72. Fascinating material of this type may be found in orders to pay fines and remit penalties for tax infractions and in requests to repeal fines.75Â The âtransgressionâ of absence from work for one day or longer resulted in a fine of 60 rubles or six days in prison. It prepared lists of workers and placed thousands of them in various jobs. They took an active part in battles of World War II but were mostly destroyed in 1941. List of Jews liable to taxes and documents on the number of Jews in Pinsk, February–July, 1942, YVA, M-41/953.
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